Management of Greywater in Developing Countries by Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi & Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim

Author:Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi & Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

7.4.4 Hybrid Treatment Systems

The hybrid system is designed with the combination of two treatment processes (physical/chemical processes, physical/biological processes/chemical/biological processes) or more. Abdel-Shafy et al. (2014) investigated the efficiency of different hybrid treatment processes including a sedimentation process at different times, an aeration system and the addition of effective microorganism (EM) (a mixture of lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeast, fermenting fungi and actinomycetes) to generate an unrestricted greywater for reuse in Egypt. The optimisation for each stage was performed on the lab scale, while the whole treatment process at the optimal operating parameters was implemented in the pilot plant. The findings recorded removal rates by 70.8% for TSS, 63.1% for COD, 70.6% for BOD5 and 63.5% for oil and grease, after settling for 3 h and aeration for 90 min. However, the addition of EM (1.5 mg/L) enhanced the removal rates to 98.1% of TSS, 91.1 of COD, 96.1 of BOD5 and 96.2% of oil and grease after 4.5 h settling time and 90 min of the aeration process. The utilisation of selected microorganisms for the treatment of wastewater is called bioaugmentation. Recently some of the companies like Hydra International Ltd in the UK have products called Bio Start (Bacteria/Enzyme start-up treatment For STPs). These products contain a range of carefully selected and acclimatised natural microorganisms (such as Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) to produce high levels of lipase, amylase, cellulose and protease enzymes (Hydra International Ltd, 2010).

It can be concluded from the studies abovementioned that the treatment technologies focused mainly on the reduction of COD, BOD TSS. It has to be mention that these technologies are insufficient to remove the XOCs from the greywater, which represents real hazards in the greywater.

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